{"id":38193,"date":"2025-04-23T10:24:11","date_gmt":"2025-04-23T02:24:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.yunshan.net\/blog\/?p=38193"},"modified":"2025-04-23T10:24:11","modified_gmt":"2025-04-23T02:24:11","slug":"opentelemetry%e7%9a%84%e5%ba%8f%e5%88%97%e5%8c%96%e5%99%a8%e5%a6%82%e4%bd%95%e6%8f%90%e4%be%9b%e5%8f%8b%e5%a5%bd%e7%9a%84%e7%94%a8%e6%88%b7%e7%95%8c%e9%9d%a2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.yunshan.net\/blog\/archives\/38193.html","title":{"rendered":"OpenTelemetry\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\u5316\u5668\u5982\u4f55\u63d0\u4f9b\u53cb\u597d\u7684\u7528\u6237\u754c\u9762"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n

\"OpenTelemetry\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\u5316\u5668\u5982\u4f55\u63d0\u4f9b\u53cb\u597d\u7684\u7528\u6237\u754c\u9762\"<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

OpenTelemetry\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u53ef\u89c2\u6d4b\u6027\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u53ef\u89c2\u6d4b\u4fe1\u53f7\uff08\u5982\u8ddf\u8e2a\u3001\u6307\u6807\u548c\u65e5\u5fd7\uff09\u63d0\u4f9b\u5355\u4e00\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u5b83\u7531\u4e91\u539f\u751f\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\uff08CNCF\uff09\u6258\u7ba1\uff0c\u662fOpenCensus\u548cOpenTracing\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u5408\u5e76\u3002OpenTelemetry\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\u5316\u5668\u5728\u63d0\u4f9b\u53cb\u597d\u7684\u7528\u6237\u754c\u9762\u65b9\u9762\u8d77\u7740\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e8c\u3001\u7528\u6237\u754c\u9762\u53cb\u597d\u6027\u7684\u4f53\u73b0<\/h2>\n

1. \u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u6570\u636e\u683c\u5f0f\u548cAPI<\/h2>\n

OpenTelemetry\u901a\u8fc7\u63d0\u4f9b\u901a\u7528\u7684\u6570\u636e\u683c\u5f0f\u548cAPI\uff0c\u4f7f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u5171\u4eab\u548c\u91cd\u7528\u9065\u6d4b\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4e0e\u5404\u79cd\u53ef\u89c2\u6d4b\u6027\u5de5\u5177\u548c\u5e73\u53f0\u96c6\u6210\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u7b80\u5316\u4e86\u6570\u636e\u7684\u6536\u96c6\u3001\u4f20\u8f93\u548c\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u590d\u6742\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u53ef\u7ef4\u62a4\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n

2. \u7075\u6d3b\u7684\u67b6\u6784\u8bbe\u8ba1<\/h2>\n

OpenTelemetry\u7684\u67b6\u6784\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u3001\u4e92\u64cd\u4f5c\u6027\u548c\u53ef\u6269\u5c55\u6027\u3002\u5b83\u7531\u591a\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u7ec4\u4ef6\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u5305\u62ecAPI\u3001SDK\u3001Instrumentation\u3001Collector\u548cBackend\u7b49\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ec4\u4ef6\u534f\u540c\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f00\u53d1\u4eba\u5458\u80fd\u591f\u91c7\u7528\u6ee1\u8db3\u5176\u7279\u5b9a\u9700\u6c42\u548c\u73af\u5883\u7684\u53ef\u89c2\u6d4b\u6027\u5b9e\u8df5\u3002<\/p>\n

3. \u591a\u79cd\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u652f\u6301<\/h2>\n

OpenTelemetry\u652f\u6301\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u9065\u6d4b\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n

  • Traces\uff08\u8ddf\u8e2a\uff09<\/strong>\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u8de8\u591a\u4e2a\u7ec4\u4ef6\u548c\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u8bf7\u6c42\u6216\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u6267\u884c\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u5f00\u53d1\u4eba\u5458\u4e86\u89e3\u8bf7\u6c42\u6d41\u5e76\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u80fd\u74f6\u9888\u3002<\/li>\n
  • Metrics\uff08\u6307\u6807\uff09<\/strong>\uff1a\u662f\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u884c\u4e3a\u6216\u8d44\u6e90\u5229\u7528\u7387\u7684\u5b9a\u91cf\u6d4b\u91cf\uff0c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u76d1\u63a7\u548c\u5206\u6790\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u7684\u6027\u80fd\uff0c\u5e76\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u8b66\u62a5\u3001\u5bb9\u91cf\u89c4\u5212\u548c\u8d8b\u52bf\u5206\u6790\u3002<\/li>\n
  • Logs\uff08\u65e5\u5fd7\uff09<\/strong>\uff1a\u5305\u542b\u6709\u5173\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3001\u9519\u8bef\u548c\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u5316\u6216\u975e\u7ed3\u6784\u5316\u6587\u672c\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8c03\u8bd5\u3001\u5ba1\u8ba1\u548c\u6545\u969c\u6392\u9664\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n

    4. \u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u4f20\u64ad<\/h2>\n

    OpenTelemetry\u7684\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u4f20\u64ad\u673a\u5236\u786e\u4fdd\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u6570\u636e\uff08\u5982trace IDs\u3001span IDs\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5143\u6570\u636e\uff09\u5728\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u670d\u52a1\u548c\u7ec4\u4ef6\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e00\u81f4\u5730\u4f20\u64ad\u3002\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u4ece\u4e0d\u540c\u670d\u52a1\u548c\u7ec4\u4ef6\u6536\u96c6\u7684\u9065\u6d4b\u6570\u636e\u4fdd\u6301\u76f8\u5173\u6027\uff0c\u4fbf\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u8bf7\u6c42\u6d41\u3001\u6027\u80fd\u74f6\u9888\u548c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n

    5. \u8d44\u6e90\u68c0\u6d4b<\/h2>\n

    OpenTelemetry\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8d44\u6e90\u68c0\u6d4b\u5904\u7406\u5668\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u52a8\u68c0\u6d4b\u548c\u6807\u8bb0\u6709\u5173\u6570\u636e\u751f\u6210\u73af\u5883\u7684\u5143\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u5982\u4e3b\u673a\u3001\u670d\u52a1\u3001\u5bb9\u5668\u548c\u4e91\u63d0\u4f9b\u5546\u7b49\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5143\u6570\u636e\u4e3a\u9065\u6d4b\u6570\u636e\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u989d\u5916\u7684\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u5206\u6790\u548c\u7406\u89e3\u7cfb\u7edf\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/p>\n

    6. \u91c7\u6837\u673a\u5236<\/h2>\n

    OpenTelemetry\u7684\u91c7\u6837\u673a\u5236\u901a\u8fc7\u51cf\u5c11\u521b\u5efa\uff08\u91c7\u6837\uff09span\u7684\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u8ddf\u8e2a\u7684\u6210\u672c\u548c\u5197\u957f\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u91c7\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u9636\u6bb5\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u521b\u5efatrace\u65f6\u7684\u5934\u90e8\u91c7\u6837\u3001\u540e\u7aef\u63a5\u6536trace\u65f6\u7684\u901f\u7387\u9650\u5236\u91c7\u6837\u4ee5\u53ca\u57fa\u4e8e\u5b8c\u6574trace\u7684\u5c3e\u90e8\u91c7\u6837\u3002\u8fd9\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u5728\u6570\u636e\u91cf\u548c\u8ddf\u8e2a\u7cbe\u5ea6\u4e4b\u95f4\u53d6\u5f97\u5e73\u8861\u3002<\/p>\n

    7. \u53ef\u6269\u5c55\u7684 Collector<\/h2>\n

    OpenTelemetry Collector\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ad8\u6027\u80fd\u3001\u53ef\u6269\u5c55\u548c\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u6570\u636e\u6536\u96c6\u7ba1\u9053\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5904\u7406\u53ef\u89c2\u6d4b\u6027\u6570\u636e\u3002\u5b83\u652f\u6301\u591a\u79cd\u6570\u636e\u683c\u5f0f\u3001\u534f\u8bae\u548c\u5e73\u53f0\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u4ece\u5404\u79cd\u6765\u6e90\u63a5\u6536\u9065\u6d4b\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u6267\u884c\u5904\u7406\u548c\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u901a\u7528\u683c\u5f0f\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5c06\u6570\u636e\u5bfc\u51fa\u5230\u5404\u79cd\u540e\u7aef\u8fdb\u884c\u5b58\u50a8\u548c\u5206\u6790\u3002<\/p>\n

    8. \u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u548c\u5e93<\/h2>\n

    OpenTelemetry\u4e3a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7f16\u7a0b\u8bed\u8a00\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5e93\u548c\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5f00\u53d1\u4eba\u5458\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5e93\u6765\u68c0\u6d4b\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5e76\u6536\u96c6\u9065\u6d4b\u6570\u636e\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5de5\u5177\u548c\u5e93\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u548c\u53ef\u6269\u5c55\u7684\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f00\u53d1\u4eba\u5458\u80fd\u591f\u8f7b\u677e\u5730\u5c06OpenTelemetry\u96c6\u6210\u5230\u5404\u79cd\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n

    \u4e09\u3001\u7528\u6237\u754c\u9762\u793a\u4f8b<\/h2>\n

    \u4ee5\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f7f\u7528OpenTelemetry\u7684\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u5c55\u793a\u5176\u5982\u4f55\u63d0\u4f9b\u53cb\u597d\u7684\u7528\u6237\u754c\u9762\uff1a<\/p>\n

    1. \u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u8ffd\u8e2a<\/strong>\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u7ec4\u4ef6\u4e2d\u96c6\u6210OpenTelemetry\u7684\u8ddf\u8e2a\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6355\u83b7\u8bf7\u6c42\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u6267\u884c\u8def\u5f84\u3002\u5728\u7528\u6237\u754c\u9762\u4e0a\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u89c2\u5730\u770b\u5230\u8bf7\u6c42\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u670d\u52a1\u548c\u7ec4\u4ef6\u4e4b\u95f4\u6d41\u52a8\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6d88\u8017\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u65e5\u5fd7\u548c\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u8fd9\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u5feb\u901f\u5b9a\u4f4d\u6027\u80fd\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u6545\u969c\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n

    2. \u6307\u6807\u76d1\u63a7<\/strong>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528OpenTelemetry\u7684\u6307\u6807\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6536\u96c6\u548c\u5c55\u793a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u6027\u80fd\u6307\u6807\uff0c\u5982CPU\u4f7f\u7528\u7387\u3001\u5185\u5b58\u6d88\u8017\u3001\u8bf7\u6c42\u5ef6\u8fdf\u7b49\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u53ef\u89c6\u5316\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6307\u6807\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u65f6\u4e86\u89e3\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u72b6\u51b5\uff0c\u5e76\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8b66\u62a5\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5728\u8fbe\u5230\u9608\u503c\u65f6\u53ca\u65f6\u901a\u77e5\u3002<\/p>\n

    3. \u65e5\u5fd7\u7ba1\u7406<\/strong>\uff1aOpenTelemetry\u7684\u65e5\u5fd7\u529f\u80fd\u5141\u8bb8\u4ee5\u7ed3\u6784\u5316\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8bb0\u5f55\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u548c\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u5728\u7528\u6237\u754c\u9762\u4e0a\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u65b9\u4fbf\u5730\u641c\u7d22\u3001\u8fc7\u6ee4\u548c\u5206\u6790\u65e5\u5fd7\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n

    OpenTelemetry\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\u5316\u5668\u901a\u8fc7\u63d0\u4f9b\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u6570\u636e\u683c\u5f0f\u3001\u7075\u6d3b\u7684\u67b6\u6784\u3001\u591a\u79cd\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u652f\u6301\u3001\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u4f20\u64ad\u3001\u8d44\u6e90\u68c0\u6d4b\u3001\u91c7\u6837\u673a\u5236\u3001\u53ef\u6269\u5c55\u7684Collector\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u548c\u5e93\uff0c\u4e3a\u7528\u6237\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u53cb\u597d\u7684\u754c\u9762\u6765\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u7406\u89e3\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u53ef\u89c2\u6d4b\u6027\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5f00\u53d1\u4eba\u5458\u8fd8\u662f\u8fd0\u7ef4\u4eba\u5458\uff0c\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u754c\u9762\u5feb\u901f\u5b9a\u4f4d\u95ee\u9898\u3001\u4f18\u5316\u6027\u80fd\uff0c\u5e76\u786e\u4fdd\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u53ef\u9760\u6027\u548c\u53ef\u6269\u5c55\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    OpenTelemetry\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u53ef\u89c2\u6d4b\u6027\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u53ef\u89c2\u6d4b\u4fe1\u53f7\uff08\u5982\u8ddf\u8e2a\u3001\u6307\u6807\u548c\u65e5\u5fd7\uff09\u63d0\u4f9b\u5355\u4e00\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u5b83\u7531\u4e91\u539f\u751f\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\uff08CNCF\uff09\u6258\u7ba1\uff0c\u662fOpenCensus\u548cOpenTracing\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u5408\u5e76\u3002OpenTelemetry\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\u5316\u5668\u5728\u63d0\u4f9b\u53cb\u597d\u7684\u7528\u6237\u754c\u9762\u65b9\u9762\u8d77\u7740\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002 \u4e8c\u3001\u7528\u6237\u754c\u9762\u53cb\u597d\u6027\u7684\u4f53\u73b0 1. \u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u6570\u636e\u683c\u5f0f\u548cAPI OpenTelemetry\u901a\u8fc7\u63d0\u4f9b\u901a\u7528\u7684\u6570\u636e\u683c\u5f0f\u548cAPI\uff0c\u4f7f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u5171\u4eab\u548c\u91cd\u7528\u9065\u6d4b\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4e0e\u5404\u79cd\u53ef\u89c2\u6d4b\u6027\u5de5\u5177\u548c\u5e73\u53f0\u96c6\u6210\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u7b80\u5316\u4e86\u6570\u636e\u7684\u6536\u96c6\u3001\u4f20\u8f93\u548c\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u590d\u6742\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u53ef\u7ef4\u62a4\u6027\u3002 2. \u7075\u6d3b\u7684\u67b6\u6784\u8bbe\u8ba1 OpenTelemetry\u7684\u67b6\u6784\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u3001\u4e92\u64cd\u4f5c\u6027\u548c\u53ef\u6269\u5c55\u6027\u3002\u5b83\u7531\u591a\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u7ec4\u4ef6\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u5305\u62ecAPI\u3001SDK\u3001Instrumentation\u3001Collector\u548cBackend\u7b49\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ec4\u4ef6\u534f\u540c\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f00\u53d1\u4eba\u5458\u80fd\u591f\u91c7\u7528\u6ee1\u8db3\u5176\u7279\u5b9a\u9700\u6c42\u548c\u73af\u5883\u7684\u53ef\u89c2\u6d4b\u6027\u5b9e\u8df5\u3002 3. \u591a\u79cd\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u652f\u6301 OpenTelemetry\u652f\u6301\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u9065\u6d4b\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\uff1a Traces\uff08\u8ddf\u8e2a\uff09\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u8de8\u591a\u4e2a\u7ec4\u4ef6\u548c\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u8bf7\u6c42\u6216\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u6267\u884c\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u5f00\u53d1\u4eba\u5458\u4e86\u89e3\u8bf7\u6c42\u6d41\u5e76\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u80fd\u74f6\u9888\u3002 Metrics\uff08\u6307\u6807\uff09\uff1a\u662f\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u884c\u4e3a\u6216\u8d44\u6e90\u5229\u7528\u7387\u7684\u5b9a\u91cf\u6d4b\u91cf\uff0c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u76d1\u63a7\u548c\u5206\u6790\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u7684\u6027\u80fd\uff0c\u5e76\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u8b66\u62a5\u3001\u5bb9\u91cf\u89c4\u5212\u548c\u8d8b\u52bf\u5206\u6790\u3002 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Collector\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ad8\u6027\u80fd\u3001\u53ef\u6269\u5c55\u548c\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u6570\u636e\u6536\u96c6\u7ba1\u9053\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5904\u7406\u53ef\u89c2\u6d4b\u6027\u6570\u636e\u3002\u5b83\u652f\u6301\u591a\u79cd\u6570\u636e\u683c\u5f0f\u3001\u534f\u8bae\u548c\u5e73\u53f0\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u4ece\u5404\u79cd\u6765\u6e90\u63a5\u6536\u9065\u6d4b\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u6267\u884c\u5904\u7406\u548c\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u901a\u7528\u683c\u5f0f\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5c06\u6570\u636e\u5bfc\u51fa\u5230\u5404\u79cd\u540e\u7aef\u8fdb\u884c\u5b58\u50a8\u548c\u5206\u6790\u3002 8. \u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u548c\u5e93 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